Malware: Malicious software such as viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware. Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a trustworthy entity. Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks: Attempts to make a network service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: Intercepting and altering communication between two parties. SQL Injection: Inserting malicious SQL code into a query to manipulate a database.

Firewalls are network security devices or software that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. They create a barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external networks.

Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access. It is crucial for protecting sensitive information during transmission and storage, ensuring that only authorised parties can read the data.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet. It enhances security by masking the user’s IP address and encrypting all data sent and received.

MFA is a security process that requires two or more verification methods to authenticate a user. It adds an extra layer of security by combining something the user knows (password), something the user has (security token), and something the user is (biometric verification).